Data Mining Techniques and Job Assignment Effectiveness

Data Mining Techniques and Job Assignment Effectiveness Introduction Bayer AG, a chemical and pharmaceutical company, was founded in 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and John Friedrich Weskott. Bayer’s headquarter is located in Leverkusen, Morth Rhine – Westphalia, Germany and they are well known for its originality in their brand of aspirin globally. Till date, Bayer has 290 subsidiaries in 73 countries throughout the world and corporate are located in close proximity to their customers and market worldwide. Bayer is an organization that deals with core competencies in the areas of health care, agriculture and high – tech polymer materials where their primary areas of business consists of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals and biotechnology products and high value of polymers. (AG 2014) Bayer Healthcare, Bayer Cropscience and Bayer Materialscience were established to target the respective sectors of healthcare, agriculture and high – tech polymers in the market. The holding company and subgroups are supported in their activities by three service companies Bayer Business Services, Bayer Technology Services and Currenta. The mission of Bayer is â€Å"Bayer: Science for a better life†. It speaks of scientific successes aim to improve people’s quality of life and at the same time form the foundation for business sustainability and profitability. Their values is revolves around the word LIFE which represents Leadership, Integrity, Flexibility and Efficiency in guiding them to fulfill their mission statement. (AG 2014) Table of Contents Introduction Table of Contents What is Signaling? Effectiveness of Signaling Related Literature Review Data Mining Techniques Job Assignment Education Incentive / Wage Application in business world Advancing knowledge and leadership skills Effectiveness Signaling Approaches Recommendations Conclusion References What is Signaling? Signaling is the idea whereby one party credibly conveys information about itself to another intended party. (Brewer and McEwan 2010) In firm’s perspective, they often face the difficulties of choosing suitable individuals out of the pool of applicants with different levels of skill. It is difficult and costly for firm to evaluate every job applicant to show their competency to them. Hence, signaling plays an important role in helping firms to differentiate potential candidates and not underestimating or overestimating individual’s talent and ability in job screening process. Likewise, employees could also send signals to their employer as they act as ‘sellers’ of their human capital so that employer are willing to give them employment opportunities or high wages for better worker with outstanding performance and productivity in the company overtime. Effectiveness of Signaling It allows employers to sort talent out of the pool of candidates appropriately in assigning them position they are capable or potential doing the required job. Asymmetric information are often presented during recruitment, company have to screen using signaling approaches to aiding the accuracy of screening process. (Lazear and Gibbs 2009) Related Literature Review There are a number of economic literature reviews that can discuss a few approaches that companies could actually examine and consider the few possible approaches in enhancing or implement in their existing signaling approaches. Data Mining Techniques Firstly, the quality of human capital is crucial for companies to maintain their competitive advantage but companies are facing and suffering from high turnover rates making them hard to neither retain nor recruit the potential employees. Hence, there is a need to develop personnel selection mechanism in finding suitable employees for companies. A data mining framework based on decision tree and association rules to generate useful rules for personnel selection. Results for data mining framework could provide employer with decision rules relating to personnel information in regards to their work performance and retention. Studies have shown and support that employers hiring decision for indirect labors including engineers and managers with different job scopes or function. (Chien and Chen 2008) Job Assignment Secondly, in labor market, it is often the case that employee’s lifetime, information about their ability is gradually revealed in a company they are committing. However, information about an employee’s ability is only directly revealed to the employing company however other companies use employee’s job assignment as a signal of ability. Therefore, wage rates tend to be closely related with jobs than with ability levels, frequent inefficient assignment of employee to job and severity of inefficiency tends to be negatively correlated with the level of firm specific human capital. Thus, other companies are usually at informational disadvantage when it comes to experience workers, but somewhat reduce by the fact companies can use individual’s job assignment as an imprecise signal of individual ability. (Waldman 1984) Education Thirdly, higher levels of education and more work experience tend to have higher wages are commonly linked to time spent in school or job increase the wage by directly increasing employee’s productivity. It is unlikely to explain that most wage differential are associated with schooling and work history. Higher educated employees elicits lower quitting or absenteeism rate as compared to lower educated employees. Employer can take education into account when hiring worker as a means of hiring worker with lower absenteeism and job turnover rate hence, demanding a minimum education level in part of job requirement. In turn, employees can use duration of schooling to signal their ability to potential employers of their ability and take them into consideration pool. (Weiss 1995) Incentive / Wage Fourthly, employees work due to the incentives they receive at the end of their working outcome. Workers are heterogeneous in their intrinsic motivation to work in a company. Optimal incentive schemes allow the firm to attract and select highly motivated workers to fill in the vacancies available in the company. Posting of higher wage rates increase the probability of filling the vacancies faster with more applicants trying to apply for the job or position to get higher work wage. Moreover, it decreases the expected average quality of job applicants as less motivated workers would apply for the job. Optimal wage scheme involves a tradeoff between the probabilities of filling the vacancy; rent left to the worker and expected worker’s motivation in workplace. (Delfgaauw 2007) Application in business world Bayer pursue after a sustainable human resource policy revolving around the acronym LIFE, Leadership, Integrity, Flexibility and Efficiency values in their employees. These values enclose the company culture combining with a strong focus on performance and development of high degree of social responsibility which at the same time made it practical and simple for the employees in their work. They believe in systematic people development is important in future success of the company. The fundamental principle is that every employee has his or her own individual strengths and talents that deserve recognition and development in the workplace. (AG, Annual Report 2014) Vacancies in Bayer from non-managerial to senior management level are advertised via a globally accessible platform. They believe regular feedback system is necessary for the continuous development of their employees and organization and that it helps them to adapt to changing requirements. Group-wide employee survey is their feedback tool at the corporate level is. Survey is held every two year to monitor the employees and receiving competent feedback the strategy, culture and working conditions. Shortcomings are identified in specific areas in the process and making rooms for improvements. Advancing knowledge and leadership skills Fostering of employees’ â€Å"lifelong learning† is an important element of both the development of people and the demographic management at Bayer. In Bayer, they encourage all their employees to refresh and expand their knowledge and skills in all phases of their working lives. Education and training programmes comprises of a wide range of work-related activities that enable employees to broaden their specialist knowledge or acquire a new set of skills, for example by learning a language or acquiring leadership competencies. Bayer makes an effort to appeal to talented people worldwide and tries to retain employees for long periods of time by providing them with attractive development opportunities. Their success in recruiting employees is attributable to their attractiveness as an employer, which was justified by numerous awards earned in 2013 by their active drive in recruiting activities at the local level. Bayer also collaborated with leading universities in most countries in order to raise students’ awareness of the wide-ranging opportunities it offers. For example, in China, they have currently cooperate with more than 40 universities and offer up to 500 students a year an opportunity to undertake internships in all areas of the company. In addition, Bayer also offered training programs, scholarships and technical support for their dissertations. (AG, Annual Report 2014) Effectiveness Signalling Approaches Bayer had effectively used education and incentive signalling approaches to signal the potential employees since they have invested a lot in their recruitment activities moreover, partnering with universities globally and providing internships and trainings for them. Through these activities they can effectively signal potential employees and measure their possible potential or possibilities they can provide to the company. As failures is costly to employees, employer and their reputation. Hence, it is important that they screen the correct candidates and minimize adverse selection and irreversible damage cause to public health. Therefore, education used as a signal is important due to the work nature of Bayer. Their job scope is highly inclined and dependent to education where applicants must be highly knowledgeable eliciting competency as the same time as the jobs they offer requires high specialization instead of a general knowledge for productivity and the future successes of Bayer. Internship programs could also serve as their probation and self selection model to actually assess the applicants and screen those interns that they would like to extend or offer an employment. This could indicate that with higher level of education, these could mean higher level of productivity whereby grades could be an assessment of their potential productivity with same degrees attainment employees hence, resulting in wage differentials. Bayer tries to appeal to the potential individuals globally and retain employees for long periods by providing good development opportunities, a modern working environment and competitive compensation Training programs they provide is opportunity given to employees to upgrade their skills to yield higher productivity where this could also means opportunities given for employee to actually have a promotion with increased productivity which in turn gain more incentives or wage with the promotion in their incentive scheme to signal and motivate ability employees. Signaling only works if the incentives of employees are being addressed, ultimately workers aim is the incentives they are looking for in exchange of their labors. Recommendations Bayer could try to employ data mining technique as one of their signalling approaches. As this technique could allow them to screen existing employee or new candidates more accurately as more information is being reflected clearly in this method and compare against other candidates. Company would have information they needed on individuals they want to screen for internal promotions to fill up vacancies available before sourcing externally their behaviour, job performance, productivity and education would be clearly shown over time. But internal infrastructure would be ideal for data mining technique since it is a technique suited for long term use. Moreover, due to the job nature requirements of Bayer, it is ideal that they screen for internal candidates first before sourcing externally as their inventions revolves around a lot of patents and trade secrets as the higher the ranking or hierarchy the more things they would be facing and dealing with. Job assignment could be used as a signalling approach although not a very precise method but it could be an add on in assessing employees. It would reflect efficiency of employees although not productivity. After all, with education used as a major signalling approach, employees employed have more or less elicited certain abilities and productivity which is why they are valued. It could be a signalling approach when comparing against employees of same degree or specialization to be competitive advantage and promoting the correct candidate in order for Bayer to achieve higher productivity and success rate. Conclusion Although Bayer have an outstanding recruitment activities being used and improved actively and well known for being an outstanding employer with the high rates of employment they can achieve globally and providing numerous of employee benefits, but there are some minor improvement which they can make to improve overall system. Hence, Bayer reflects heavy investments made in their recruitment activities therefore it is costly for them to recruit wrong employee which might lead to severe losses incur to them. In conclusion, data mining techniques and job assignment could also be some of signalling approaches they could employ to improve their accuracy of signalling so that adverse selection and risky hires could be minimize as much as possible as mentioned above. References AG, Bayer. Annual Report. 28 February 2014. http://www.annualreport2013.bayer.com/en/employees.aspx (accessed July 20, 2014). —. Bayer : Science For A Better Life. 23 July 2014. http://www.bayer.com/ (accessed July 17, 2014). Brewer, Dominic J., and ‎Patrick J. McEwan. ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION. Spain, 2010. Chien, Chen-Fu, and Li-Fei Chen. â€Å"Data mining to improve personnel selection and enhance human capital: A case study in high-technology industry.† Expert Systems with Applications, 2008: 280–290. Delfgaauw, Josse. â€Å"Signaling and screening of workers’ motivation.† Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 2007: 605–624. Lazear, Edward P., and Micheal Gibbs. Personnel Economics in Practice. 2nd. United States of America: Don Fowley, 2009. Waldman, Michael. â€Å"Job Assignments, Signalling, and Efficiency.† The RAND Journal of Economics, 1984: 255-267. Weiss, Andrew. â€Å"Human Capital vs. Signalling Explanations of Wages.† The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1995: 133-154.

Introduction to Calcium Carbonate Essay

Calcium carbonate, also referred to as Calcium trioxocarbonate (CaCO3), is one of the most widely available chemical compounds on the earth. It occurs naturally in the earth crust, and is said to make up approximately 7 percent of the earth’s crust (Calcium Carbonate, 2006). The compound goes by different common names such as calcite, limestone, chalk, pearl, marble, aragonite, etc. Naturally, calcium carbonate can be found in almost all rocks. It can also be found in the hard shells of some organisms such as pearls, snails, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate occurs in two forms with different geometric structural arrangements of the constituent elements (calcium, carbon, and oxygen). The two crystalline forms are calcite and aragonite. Calcium carbonate, when extracted in a pure form exists as a white powder which has a specific gravity of 2.71 (calcite) or 2.93 (aragonite) (Calcium Carbonate, 2006). Calcium carbonate does not dissolve easily in water. It is poorly soluble in pure water. It has a relative molecular mass of 100g/mol. The bond type between the two major ions: calcium ion (Ca2+) and carbonate ion (CO32-) is the electrovalent type. It has the following chemical properties: reaction with acids to liberate carbon dioxide and water, reaction with water and carbon dioxide to form carbon bicarbonate, and production of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated to temperatures above 900oC. Calcium carbonate is a very important compound because it is has numerous natural, health and industrial uses. It is used in medicine as a form of therapy in peptic ulcer diseases. It is used as an antacid as a result of its property of reacting with acids in the stomach, liberating carbon dioxide and water. It is also used in construction industries as building materials. In particular, it is used to make cement or mortar which is used to hold blocks together. Again, calcium carbonate is used in the steel manufacturing companies. It is used specifically to absorb any impurity in the molten steel material. Another use of this compound is in the manufacture of papers and glass. There are different methods of preparation of calcium carbonate. The method which is being investigated in this experiment is one of the most common methods of preparation of the compound. Large amounts of calcium carbonate (especially for industrial uses) are prepared by mining and quarrying. Small amounts can be produced in the laboratory, or can be extracted from a pure mined source. In the laboratory, it is produced by reacting calcium oxide or quicklime (CaO) with water (H2O). This reaction ends with the production of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Carbon dioxide is bubbled through calcium hydroxide solution. The end result of this reaction is calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The reactions are as follows: CaO + H20 ———- Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ———— CaCO3 + H2O The significance of this investigation is to examine the possibility of preparing calcium carbonate with the above method. The aim of this experiment is to learn about the preparation of calcium carbonate. This experiment attempts to verify the hypothesis that the above stated method can be used to prepare calcium carbonate.

Woman Warrior Rhetorical Analysis Essay

In her postmodern autobiography. Woman Warrior. Maxine Hong Kingston narrates her life as a Chinese American fighting to happen her individuality in a place permeated by ambiguity. As Kingston matures. she comes to acknowledge the destructive nature of silence. and is able to joint the malignant cause and consequence relationship silence has on the single human mind every bit good as the well being of others. Kingston begins her autobiography by depicting silence as a double-edged blade. significance that while silence has the capableness to be used as a deathly arm. it is besides harmful to one that uses silence as a tool for censoring in an attempt to alter the yesteryear. In the first chapter of her autobiography titled â€Å"No Name Woman† . Kingston opens up to a scene between Kingston and her female parent. When the two of them are entirely. her female parent imparts a awful secret about Kingston’s Aunt’s unfaithfulness. so forces her girl to take a vow of silence. pressing her to ne'er talk of her Aunt or to even admit her being: â€Å" †¦they want me to take part in her penalty. And I have†¦the existent penalty was†¦the family’s intentionally burying about her† ( 16 ) . By declining to discourse Kingston’s Aunt. the household is efficaciously ending her being. but besides giving the awful secret more power. The memory of Kingston’s Aunt is so stigmatic that subject of sex is indefinable. and even the word â€Å"Aunt† has the possible to strike her male parent with wretchedness. coercing him to dig into his painful memories. This position of silence as formidable power reflects Kingston’s position as a immature. waxy young person. racked with trepidation about the universe around her. As Kingston grows into an independent grownup. she begins to see silence as an hindrance on her self-expression. and grows to see silence with bitterness instead than with fearful fear. In â€Å"A Song for a Barbarian Reed Pipe† . the concluding chapter of Kingston’s autobiography. Kingston describes her web with silence throughout childhood that restricted her creativeness and self-expression. In school. Kingston. holding been raised in a Chinese family. is unable to pass on with her English-speaking schoolmates. Therefore. Kingston comes to fear any signifier of socialisation. and quails from talking openly in forepart of the category or turn toing a instructor straight. In this province of ageless silence. Kingston begins to look up to those who are non struck with panic at the idea of pass oning with other human existences. â€Å"I liked the Negro students†¦best because they laughed the loudest and talked to me as if I were a make bolding speaker too† ( 166 ) . While Kingston grows to look up to the loud. surpassing misss at school. she deplores those who are quiet and timid. much like Kingston herself. Kingston deflects her defeats onto one miss in peculiar. and accosts the soundless miss in the bathroom after school. urgently seeking to coerce her to talk: â€Å"If you don’t speak you don’t have a personality. You’ll have no personality and no hair. You’ve got to allow people cognize you have a personality and a brain† ( 180 ) . Kingston’s pleadings with the soundless miss reflect Kingston’s interior anguish she has suffered at the custodies of digesting silence. The fact that Kingston finds likeness in the soundless miss heightens Kingston’s fierce hatred for her. but besides highlights her uncertainness about her ain individuality as she struggles to happen her ain voice that is being strangled by the steely clasp of silence. As an stripling. Kingston no longer adheres to hush: Kingston detests that silence has overcome her being. and is ready to arise against its oppressive nature. By the clip she is in late high school. Kingston feels suffocated by onerous silence. Diing to voice her ideas. Kingston grows progressively edgy. and has an explosive confrontation with her female parent: â€Å"My pharynx hurt invariably. vocal cords taut to snapping†¦I looked straight at my female parent and at my male parent and screamed†¦and all of a sudden I got really baffled and lonely because at that minute I was stating her my list. and in the relation. it grew†¦no hearer but myself† ( 201-204 ) . During the climatic statement with her female parent. Kingston casts off the silence adhering her. but she besides drives a cuneus between herself and her female parent. So much of Kingston’s paranoia subdivisions non from the silence imposed upon her. but from her inability to pass on her ain feelings. Contrary to Kingston’s belief. her female parent ne'er tried to get married her off to go a slave. and her household ne'er viewed her as stupid or ugly. With the adulthood of an grownup. Kingston is able to remember her memories non through word of oral cavity. but through utilizing her pen as a literary blade. By entering her confrontationwith her female parent with painstaking truth. Kingston portrays herself in an unflattering instead than in trying to reprimand her yesteryear. In maturity. Kingston has chooses a life of factualness instead than secrecy. and eventually casts the soundless sitting shade off of her thorax. Kingston’s germinating position of the power held by silence reflects her gradual ripening and her assurance in her ain abilities. At one point Kingston cowered in forepart of the mighty and reprobating power of silence. but as she learns to believe for herself. Kingston Rebels against the silence and embraces a life free of uncertainness. happening comfort in humdrum and truth. More significantly. Kingston finds the bravery to be honest about herself. ( instead than staying soundless about her ridicule of the deaf-and-dumb person miss and her acerb outburst directed towards her female parent ) and dedicates her memoir to composing. guaranting that her memory will ne'er be eradicated or erased with clip. Therefore Kingston proves that while one may seek to overcast the truth with silence. the mighty pen can rend off silence’s pretense and set the truth free.

Characteristics Of A Hero In The Illiad - 979 Words

When people today are asked to think of heroes, they tend to think about Superman, Batman or anything in between. People tend to think about unrealistic heroes who wear crazy outfits and capes and have a different they hide behind, but during the time of the Ancient Greeks, they had slightly different thoughts on heroes. When it comes to The Illiad by Homer, one of the biggest things focused on is the image of the hero. Homer never directly gives the answer to the question â€Å"What makes a good hero?†, but he does write about many heroes, and through the writings it is easy to pick up what qualities make a good hero. It is also made clear what qualities can be the downfall of the hero. So what qualities are seen throughout the book? Positive†¦show more content†¦As Agamemnon and Achilles fight over what should be done, Agamemnon makes the comment that â€Å"it would be a disgrace to be the sole Greek without a prize of honour† (Homer 42; Book 1). Since Agame mnon was awarded Chryseis as a prize for being a good soldier and for being brave it would have been a huge sign of disrespect to Agamemnon to have to give her up . Even the best heroes still have their downfalls. Even the greatest hero will still have a few qualities that he or she does not necessarily want to be seen. A negative quality of a hero that is seen in this book was that they were greedy. In book one, Agamemnon and Achilles were arguing over the return of Chryseis. Achilles believed that Agamemnon should allow Chryseis to be returned to her father, but Agamemnon did not want to give her up because she was his prize. Agamemnon said to Achilles â€Å"So I must surrender Chryseis, and expect no compensation--is that it?† (Homer 42; Book 1). Agamemnon was fine with returning Chryseis to her father, but only if he was given a girl to replace her. He did not agree to it with the motivation of being a good person. 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